Resistance independent to : a. Shape b. Size c. Physical state d. None

d

Explanation:

Resistance is given by

R = pL/A

Where A is length of wire , A is Area and p is resistivity of the material

From the expression above,

Resistance is affected by length and Area which means in consonance it's affected by the shape because shape affects the length and surface Area and Offcourse the size; the larger the surface area the Lower the resistance and the smaller the length and conversely the smaller the surface area and longer the length.

The physical state refers to the temperature of the substance. The higher the temperature the more electrons are free to move around and the lower the resistance.

Hence none of the option to a-c apply.

in simple terms, the principle states that the buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid multiplied by the submerged volume times the gravitational acceleration, g. this is also known as upthrust.

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