If the temperature of a liquid increases, the density of the liquid decreases because the particles move farther apart. What are the variables in her hypothesis?

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Ingrid wrote the hypothesis below.  If the temperature of a liquid increases, the density of the liquid decreases because the particles move farther apart.

What are the variables in her hypothesis?

A. The independent variable is the temperature, and the dependent variable is the density.

B. The independent variable is the density, and the dependent variable is the temperature.

C. The independent variable is the temperature, and the dependent variable is the distance between particles.

D. The independent variable is the distance between particles, and the dependent variable is the temperature.

The answer to this question is A. The independent variable is the temperature, and the dependent variable is the density.

Explanation:

To begin, the variables in an experiment are the factors being studied or analyzed, which are expressed in the hypothesis. According to this, the two variables in the experiment are the temperature and the density.

Additionally, in experiments, it is common one of the variables is independent, which is the factor manipulated by the researcher, and the other is dependent as this is expected to be changed by the first variable. If this is applied to the experiment described, the temperature is independent because this will be manipulated by Ingrid to prove density changes. Also, the density is expected to be affected by the first variable, and therefore density is the dependent variable.

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scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.