In Part I, the independent variable, the one that is intentionally manipulated, is In Part II, the independent variable changes to
The dependent variable, the one you measure the response in, is the same for Parts I and II. For both parts of the
lab, the dependent variable is

Transfer of electrons. hope it !

stands for electromotive force and it is measured in volts. despite its name, it is not actually the force in the sense of being a "pushing" or "pulling" (not measured in newtons).an equation that relates emf,  ℰ,  to a battery's terminal voltage, v, current, i, and internal resistance, r, is    ℰ = v + irin this case, the emf can be interpreted as a voltage—a difference in electric potential.i would not say that it would be considered an energy. if emf can be defined as the energy/work per a unit charge from a battery or other electric source, then it is not strictly energy.