What replaced copper wires in long distance communicationas they are cheaper and less bulky than copper cables carrying the same information

Which type of microscope would allow the viewer to see ribosomes inside a cell?

Comedians like to joke that the reason we haven’t been visited by intelligent life from elsewhere in the universe is that aliens have been monitoring earth’s broadcasts of intellectually embarrassing tv programs, like gilligan’s island, fear factor, the jersey shore, and the jerry springer showand so consider us far too primitive to merit a visit. let’s check the assertion that aliens could have been receiving them. tv programs are broadcast at a frequency of about 100mhz with about 100kw of total power in 30frames per second, which emanatesroughly uniformly in all directions. assume that interstellar space transmits these broadcasts without attenuation. no matter how smart they are, aliens would require at least one photon per frame to interpret our signals. findthe number of photons per unit time per unit area reaching a receiver on a possible planet in the nearest star system, which is about 4 light-years away (a light-year is the distance light travels in a year). if aliens aimed a receiver or detector directly at earth, how big (in diameter) would it have to be to receive a photon per frame

4r-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at 800 kpa and 50°c at a rate of 0.022 kg/s and leaves at 750 kpa subcooled by 3°c. the refrigerant enters the compressor at 200 kpa superheated by 4°c determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b) the rate of heat supplied to the heated room, and (c) the cop of the heat pump. also, determine (d) the cop and rate of heat supplied to the heated room if this heat pump operated on the ideal vapor-compression cycle between the pressure limits of 200 and 800 kpa. (0.757, 4.37 kw, 5.12, 6.18, 3.91 kw)