The gas pressure inside a piston-cylinder device is initially balanced by atmospheric pressure. The initial pressure is 100 kPa and volume of the gas in the cylinder is 32 cm3. A spring attached to the outside of the piston exerts no force on the piston. The area of the piston is 0.0004 m2. Heat transfer to the gas causes the piston to move upwards by a distance of 2 cm. The spring constant is 10 N/cm. (a) Determine the final absolute pressure (kPa) of the gas. (b) Calculate the final volume (cm3 ) of the gas. (c) Show the expansion process on a P-V diag

no sign of dia of fuel cell

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s

speed of light in other mediums is given by the expression v = c/n, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n is the refractive index of medium.

for the first medium v = 200,000 km/s

  so, refractive index of medium = 300000/200000 = 1.5

    1.5 refractive index is usually for glass. so first medium is glass.

for the second medium v = 250,00 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/250000 = 1.2

    1.2 refractive index is usually for water. so second medium is water.

for the third medium v = 0 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/0 = ∞

    ∞ refractive index is usually for opaque mediums. so third medium is opaque medium.

distance = 150m

displ = root (50 ^2 + 100^2)

root(2500+10000)

root 125000