What is a more common term for quantitative observation?

Not all tiles will be usedidentify the element present in each star based on the gaps observed in wavelengths of its light refer to this table containing absorption wavelengths (in nm) of several different elements the table ishelium 447, 502 ,587 ,668carbon 427 ,515, 600 ,678sulfur 425, 565, 639, 675xenon 484, 590, 687calcium 429 ,527, 593, 645silver 421 ,521, 662

What is the earliest point in the universe that we can observe? why can’t we see back further than this?

The least penetrating form of radiation is