The difference between a layer based on composition vs response to stress

the answer is ampere

the ampere is used to measure electricity. an ampere is a unit of electric current equal. a unit of measure for the flow of current in a circuit. one ampere is the amount of current flow provided when one volt of electrical pressure is applied against one ohm of resistance.

force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach

answerdmitry mendeleyev made a workable classification of the elements