A gas contained within a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series:
Process 1–2: Constant volume from p1 5 1 bar, V1 5 4 m3 to
state 2, where p2 5 2 bar.
Process 2–3: Compression to V3 5 2 m3, during which the
pressure–volume relationship is pV 5 constant.
Process 3–4: Constant pressure to state 4, where V4 5 1 m3.
Sketch the processes in series on p–V coordinates and
evaluate the work for each process, in kJ

Chapter 23, problem 075 the figure shows a geiger counter, a device used to detect ionizing radiation (radiation that causes ionization of atoms). the counter consists of a thin, positively charged central wire surrounded by a concentric, circular, conducting cylindrical shell with an equal negative charge. thus, a strong radial electric field is set up inside the shell. the shell contains a low-pressure inert gas. a particle of radiation entering the device through the shell wall ionizes a few of the gas atoms. the resulting free electrons (e) are drawn to the positive wire. however, the electric field is so intense that, between collisions with gas atoms, the free electrons gain energy sufficient to ionize these atoms also. more free electrons are thereby created, and the process is repeated until the electrons reach the wire. the resulting "avalanche" of electrons is collected by the wire, generating a signal that is used to record the passage of the original particle of radiation. suppose the radius of the central wire is 24 âµm, the inner radius of the shell 2.3 cm, and the length of the shell 14 cm. if the electric field at the shell's inner wall is 2.8 ă— 104 n/c, what is the total positive charge on the central wire?

An initially unpolarized light if intensity 500 w/m^2 passes through four polarizers. the transmission axis between adjacent polarizers is 45∘. what percentage of the initial intensity is transmitted by the system?

The free body diagram shows a box being pulled to the left up a 25-degree incline. the magnitude of the normal force is