A girl throws a pebble into a deep well at 4.0 m/s (downward). It hits the water in 2.0 s. How far below the ground is the water's surface? What is the pebble's average velocity?

Explanation:

(b) The initial velocity is added to that due to acceleration by gravity. The velocity is increased linearly by gravity at the rate of 9.8 m/s². The average velocity of the pebble will be its velocity halfway through the 2-second time period.* That is, it will be ...

  4 m/s + (9.8 m/s²)(2 s)/2 = 13.8 m/s . . . . average velocity

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(a) The distance covered in 2 seconds at an average velocity of 13.8 m/s is ...

  d = vt

  d = (13.8 m/s)(2 s) = 27.6 m

The water is about 27.6 m below ground.

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* We have chosen to make use of the fact that the velocity curve is linear, so the average velocity is half the sum of initial and final velocities:

  vAvg = (vInit + vFinal)/2 = (vInit + (vInit +at))/2 = vInit +at/2

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If you work this in a straightforward way, you would find distance as the integral of velocity, then find average velocity from the distance and time.