An iron bolt is used to connect two iron plates together. the bolt must withstand shear forces up to about 3000 n. calculate the minimum diameter for the bolt, based on a safety factor of 6.3.

One hazard of space travel is debris left by previous missions. there are several thousand masses large enough to detect by radar orbiting the earth, but there are far greater numbers of very small masses such as flakes of paint. calculate the force exerted by a 0.110 mg chip of paint that strikes a space shuttle window at a relative speed of 5.00 ✕ 103 m/s and sticks, given the collision lasts 6.00 ✕ 10-8 s. such a collision chipped the window of the ill-fated challenger in june 1983, causing $50,000 of damage.