Running at 1.55 m/s, Bruce, the 40.0 kg quarterback, collides with Biff, the 90.0 kg tackle, who is traveling at 7.0 m/s in the other direction. Upon collision, Biff continues to travel forward at 1.0 m/s. How fast is Bruce knocked backward?

Bruce is knocked backwards at  

14

m

s

.

Explanation:

This is a problem of momentum (

→

p

) conservation, where

→

p

=

m

→

v

and because momentum is always conserved, in a collision:

→

p

f

=

→

p

i

We are given that  

m

1

=

45

k

g

,  

v

1

=

2

m

s

,  

m

2

=

90

k

g

, and  

v

2

=

7

m

s

The momentum of Bruce (

m

1

) before the collision is given by

→

p

1

=

m

1

v

1

→

p

1

=

(

45

k

g

)

(

2

m

s

)

→

p

1

=

90

k

g

m

s

Similarly, the momentum of Biff (

m

2

) before the collision is given by

→

p

2

=

(

90

k

g

)

(

7

m

s

)

=

630

k

g

m

s

The total linear momentum before the collision is the sum of the momentums of each of the football players.

→

P

=

→

p

t

o

t

=

∑

→

p

→

P

i

=

→

p

1

+

→

p

2

→

P

i

=

90

k

g

m

s

+

630

k

g

m

s

=

720

k

g

m

s

Because momentum is conserved, we know that given a momentum of  

720

k

g

m

s

before the collision, the momentum after the collision will also be  

720

k

g

m

s

. We are given the final velocity of Biff (

v

2

=

1

m

s

) and asked to find the final velocity of Bruce.

→

P

f

=

→

p

1

f

+

→

p

2

f

→

P

f

=

m

1

v

1

f

+

m

2

v

2

f

Solve for  

v

1

:

v

1

f

=

→

P

f

−

m

2

v

2

f

m

1

Using our known values:

v

1

f

=

720

k

g

m

s

−

(

90

k

g

)

(

1

m

s

)

45

k

g

v

1

f

=

14

m

s

∴

Bruce is knocked backwards at  

14

m

s

.

Explanation:

c. rb

explanation:

the atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding shells of electrons.

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