Oh no! Betsy the spherical cow has found herself lost out in deep space. Luckily, Besty is a special spherical cow, and she has learned how to survive without oxygen or water. We’ll gloss over how she figured this out, because she has critically forgotten to learn how to keep warm in space! For the purposes of this problem, you can assume that deep space has a temperature of 0 K so that virtually no light is hitting her from her environment. Assuming that Betsy’s emissivity is approximately 1, her body temperature is about 40 ℃, and that her radius is 1 m, determine the amount of heat she would lose in one hour.

Much of the information taught in earth-space science would not be available if it weren’t for our remote sensing abilities. explain two ways our remote sensing strategies contribute to our knowledge of these topics.

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Some material consisting of a collection of microscopic objects is kept at a high temperature. a photon detector capable of detecting photon energies from infrared through ultraviolet observes photons emitted with energies of 0.3 ev, 0.5 ev, 0.8 ev, 2.0ev, 2.5ev, and 2.8ev. these are the only photon energies observed. (a) draw and label a possible energy-level diagram for one of the microscopic objects, which has four bound states. on the diagram, indicate the transitions corresponding to the emitted photons. explain briefly. (b) would a spring–mass model be a good model for these microscopic objects? why or why not? (c) the material is now cooled down to a very low temperature, and the photon detector stops detecting photon emissions. next, a beam of light with a continuous range of energies from infrared through ultraviolet shines on the material, and the photon detector observes the beam of light after it passes through the material. what photon energies in this beam of light are observed to be significantly reduced in intensity (“dark absorption lines”)? explain briefly.