Mass report my answers and questions​

Which of the following explains why it took so long for the public to accept the negative health effects of smoking? a)people were waiting for counter reasons, and those were presented.b)scientists had not completely finalized their results, which took 30 years.c)cigarettes were cheaply available and media channels were very inefficient.d)cigarette manufacturers were trying hard to bring an alternative into the market

Clothing made of several thin layers of fabric with trapped air in between, often called ski clothing, is commonly used in cold climates because it is light, fashionable, and a very effective thermal insulator. so it is no surprise that such clothing has largely replaced thickand heavy old-fashioned coats. (a) consider a jacket made of five layers of 0.1-mm-thick synthetic fabric (k = 0.13 w/m·°c) with 1.5-mm-thick air space (k = 0.026 w/m·°c) between the layers. assuming the inner surface temperature of the jacket to be 28°c and the surface area to be 1.25 m2, determine the rate of heat loss through the jacket when the temperature of the outdoors is 0°c and the heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface is 25 w/m2·°c. (b) what would your response be if the jacket is made of a single layer of 0.5-mm-thick synthetic fabric? what should be the thickness of a wool fabric (k = 0.035 w/m·°c) if the person is to achieve the same level of thermal comfort wearing a thick wool coat instead of a five-layer ski jacket?

An ice-making machine inside a refrigerator operates in a carnot cycle. it takes heat from liquid water at 0.0 degrees celsius and rejects heat to a room at a temperature of 19.2 degrees celsius. suppose that liquid water with a mass of 76.3kg at 0.0 degrees celsius is converted to ice at the same temperature. take the heat of fusion for water to be l_f = 3.34*10^5 j/kg.how much energy e must be supplied to the device? express your answer in joules.