If two objects experience the same change in momentum but over time periods of different lengths, how do the forces experienced by each object compare?

The first law of thermodynamics states that heat added to a system is neither created nor destroyed but is transformed ⇒ as it changes into other forms of energy.

Alinearly polarized electromagnetic wave has an average intensity of 196 w/m^2. this wave is directed towards two ideal polarizers (in real polarizers, transmission is also effected by reflection and absorption). polarizer a is oriented with its transmission axis at an angle of θ_1=20.8∘ with the incident electric field. polarizer b has its axis at an angle of θ_2=63.0∘ with the incident electric field. what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer a? what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer b? suppose that the two polarizers a and b are interchanged. what would the average intensity be after passing through both polarizers?

4. if you were an astronaut on the moon, what would you experience? what would you see from your perspective?