Which phenomenon causes an object to appear bent from above the surface of one medium to below the surface of another medium?

The phenomenon that causes by an object to appear bent from above the surface of one medium to below the surface of another medium is : Refraction

For example, try to dip a pencil in a glass of water.
You will observe that the pencil will give out an impression as if it's been bent, but it's actually just an illusion caused by the light refraction.

Iam pretty sure its b but if im wrong sorry

Is a  vector quantity  that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position." imagine a person moving rapidly - one step forward and one step back - always returning to the original starting position. while this might result in a frenzy of activity, it would result in a zero velocity. because the person always returns to the original position, the motion would never result in a change in position. since velocity is defined as the rate at which the position changes, this motion results in zero velocity. if a person in motion wishes to maximize their velocity, then that person must make every effort to maximize the amount that they are displaced from their original position. every step must go into moving that person further from where he or she started. for certain, the person should never change directions and begin to return to the starting position.