What is the relationship between the atoms of elements, its isotopes and its ions

Copper has free electrons per cubic meter. a 71.0-cm length of 12-gauge copper wire that is 2.05 mm in diameter carries 4.85 a of current. (a) how much time does it take for an electron to travel the length of the wire? (b) repeat part (a) for 6-gauge copper wire (diameter 4.12 mm) of the same length that carries the same current. (c) generally speaking, how does changing the diameter of a wire that carries a given amount of current affect the drift velocity of the electrons in the wire?

2kg of refrigerant 134a undergoes a polytropic process in a piston-cylinder assembly from an initial state of saturated vapor at 2 bar to a final state of 12 bar, 80 degree c. a)determine the work for the process in kj. b)sketch the process on a p-v diagram.

Examine the equation. 23490th→23088ra+42he what kind of barrier would you need to block the radioactive particles from this reaction? a.a piece of paper b.a sheet of aluminum foil c. a two-inch block of lead d. a solid concrete block