If there's nothing faster than light, how did the dark get there first

The percent efficiency of a machine can never be 100% (or greater), because in the real world some energy is always converted into a. heat b. work c. input force d. output force

An ideal otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. at the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kpa and 27°c, and 750 kj/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. assuming constant specific heats at room temperature, determine (a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat-addition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle. (4390 kpa, 1730 k; 423 kj/kg; 56.4%; 534 kpa)

Using a caesar cypher with an offset of three characters (a -> d, b -> e, z -> c), what would be the correct cypher text for the plain text "attack at dawn"?