True or False: The forces applied by our muscles on our bones are usually several times larger than the forces we exert on the outside world with our limbs.

True

Explanation:

This is because of the point where the forces are applied by our muscles and

the angle they have about the bones. Take for example the  diagram I uploaded.

If we do a free body diagram and a sum of torques, we would get that:

In this case, mg is the same in magnitude as the force made by the hand to hold the ball, so:

If we solve the equation for the force of the muscle we would get that:

Since r2 is greater than r1 and the sin function can only return values that are less than 1, this means that the force of the muscle is much greater than the force used by the hand to hold the weight.

Let's use some standard values to prove this, let's say that r1=10cm, r2=35cm and theta=60 degrees. When inputing the values into the equation we get:

which yields:

so in this example, the force made by the muscle is 4 times as big as the force exerted by the hand.

at positions a, g kinetic energy is maximum.

at position d, potential energy is maximum.

we need to know the time interval during which the force acts. impulse of force = momentum change