What's the opposite of vaporization

Athin, square metal plate measures 14 cm on each side and has emissivity of 0.60. the plate is heated to a temperature of 745°c. what is the rate at which the plate radiates energy ? the stefan-boltzmann constant is 5.67 × 10-8 w/(m2 ? k4). remember that the plate will radiate energy from both its top and bottom surfaces.

Why does lightning travel from clouds to the ground?

Simon is writing a story about an astronaut whose spacecraft has been boarded by space pirates. the astronaut has her lucky penny in her hand behind her back as the space pirates break into the control room. she has just locked the controls so that the ship is accelerating in the direction of the control room’s ceiling. simon wants the astronaut to use the penny to hit a button on the control panel to turn off the lights and escape. the button is located a short distance behind and below the astronaut’s hands. how should simon use the theory of relativity to describe what the astronaut must do in order to hit the button?