Which statement from dalton's atomic theory was contradicted based on the information provided in the picture. a) a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. b) compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. c) all atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. d) all matter is made of atoms. atoms are indivisible and indestructible.

C. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.

that tool is called an altimeter which measures your altitude which can be used to tell which atmosphere you are currently in, including the stratosphere.

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scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.