What is the takeoff point called in long jump?

The heater element of a 120 v toaster is a 5.4 m length of nichrome wire, whose diameter is 0.48 mm. the resistivity of nichrome at the operating temperature of the toaster is 1.3 × 10-6 ω·m. the toaster is operated at a voltage of 120 v. (a) what is the power drawn by the toaster? (b) if the cost of electricity is 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour, and it takes 2 minutes to toast bread, how much does it cost for toasted bread? (c) when the heater element is at room temperature, is the resistivity in the nichrome wire greater than, less than, or equal to it’s resistivity when at operating temperature? explain.

If a hiker that weighs 600 newtons climbs a 50 meter hill, how much gravitational potential energy has the hiker gained?

Which of the following conditions lead you to see an absorption line spectrum from a cloud of gas in interstellar space? the cloud is extremely hot. the cloud is visible primarily because it reflects light from nearby stars. the cloud is cool and lies between you and a hot star. the cloud is cool and very dense, so that you cannot see any objects that lie behind it.