Compared to the total mass and total charge at the beginning of a redox reaction, the total mass and total charge upon completion of the reaction is 1. less 2. dependent on what the reaction is 3. greater 3. the same

Atoms seldom exist as independent particles in nature a) as single particles, most atoms have low potential energy b) their electronegativity is much lower when they combine with other atoms c) atoms are more stable when they combine with other atoms d) neutral particles are rare