Who should take the toefl?

a. all students planning to go to college.

b. students who do not speak english as their primary language.

c. international students for whom english is not their first language.

d. both b and c

Bis your answer to this

Number 3 is the logical, go-to answer for the classical school of thought as they strongly believe that an individual commits a crime of their own free will and fully understands the  consequences, making them liable to whatever punishment is dealt to them.