Julie was expelled from the university for cheating. according to the student code of conduct, "any student who cheats or attempts to cheat on a test can be expelled from the university." the expulsion was a

The expulsion was a "Negative, Formal Sanction".

Instead of types of inward control, similar to standards and qualities, sociologists think about sanctions as a type of external control. Sanctions can either be positive or negative. 
Sanctions can emerge from either formal or informal control. Groups, associations, and social orders of different sorts can proclaim decides that go about as formal assents to compensate or rebuff conduct. For instance, government and associations utilize law authorization systems and other formal endorses, for example, fines and detainment.

It’s either d or b ! but it might be b