"the policy-making stage during which new issues are identified as problems for government to address is called"

Doctors recommend that both men and women take an aspirin every day to prevent heart attacks. however, the sample in the research study only contained men. the problem with doctors making this aspirin recommendation reflects a bias.

Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants:

Which best describes the purpose of the south carolina exposition and protest, which was written by john c. calhoun? a) to explain why the south was nullifying the tariff of 1828 b) to describe the ways the tariff of 1828 would southerners c) to persuade northern states to rebel against the federal government d) to ask england for if the south decided to secede from the union