Aresearcher calls you stating that he plans to submit a proposal to the nih for a human subjects research study. he wants to know at what point he and his study team must submit coi disclosures to comply with the phs regulation. no later than the time of proposal submission never -- the phs regulation does not require researchers to submit coi disclosures researchers must only submit coi disclosures if they have a significant financial interest related to the research not until a notice of award is received

I believe the answer is: No later than the time of proposal submission.

In this context, coi stands for conflict of interest. It is important to include this along with the proposal submission to ensure the validity of your research. (if for example, the research is funded by a company to study things that relevant to their products, there would be a high chance that the result would be bias)

early settlements on the subcontinent. both the indus and the ganges rivers carried rich silt from the mountains to the plains. when the rivers flooded, the silt spread over the plains and made the soil in the river valleys fertile for farming.