Aristotle described northern european people as "full of spirit…but incapable of ruling others," and he characterized asian people as "intelligent and inventive…but always in a state of subjection and slavery." aristotle attributed these traits to the respective climates of the regions. this is an example

I believe the answer is: environmental determinism

Environmental determinism refers to the study/way of thinking that assume the evironment that exist in a certain territory determine how the people who live near it behave. This type of view often used by supporter of colonialism to justify their act of occupying another region.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.

the correct answer is d