Rational choice theory in criminology recently applies more to juveniles than adults b. held that individuals do not have free will c. moved away from a strictly rational reasoning model for rational thought d. moved toward a very strict reasoning and rational model of criminal behavior

c. Moved away from a strictly rational reasoning model for rational thought.

Recently, the rational choice theory has been criticized for leaving out some important factors that might influence the choices people make. Institutions and uncertainty can lead people to make a choice they would not have made under unconstrained circumstances solely dependent on reason. Therefore, new concepts have arisen, such as the "bounded rationality" idea. This is an attempt to recognize the limits that rationality has in real life.

Some works that have dealt with this problematic are: Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory (Green and Shapiro, 1994) and Neuropolitics (William E. Connolly, 2002).

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

answer; deviation iq; //(a)