Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?

The answer is "field research".

Field research alludes to gathering essential information from an indigenous habitat without completing a lab test or a review. It is an exploration technique suited to an interpretive system instead of to the logical strategy. To conduct field research, the humanist must will advance into new conditions and watch, take part, or experience those universes. In field work, the sociologists, instead of the subjects, are the ones out of their component.  

The scientist connects with or watches a man or individuals and assembles information along the way.

aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy and tyranny

explanation:

answer; software failure, and human error;