Which pitfall to sound economic reasoning is illustrated when a person comments that 16) "capitalists focus only on profits and don't care about their workers"?

I believe the answer is: Biases

The person who made such comments usually had a a really strong preference in one economic system, to the point where that person refuse to acknoweldge the weakness in their preferred view and the strength in the opposing view. This bias could easily be held by all sides.

d. the polar jet stream   lies between the polar easterlies and trade winds should be your answer

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.