In miranda v. arizona (1966), why did ernesto miranda say his fifth amendment rights had been violated? he had been stopped and searched without a judge issuing a proper warrant. he had been tried for serious crimes without a grand jury issuing an indictment. he had confessed to crimes without being reminded of his right to avoid self-incrimination. he had been jailed without being informed of the charges against him.

C is the correct answer.

Miranda was interrogated without being informed of his right to an attorney and his right to not incriminate himself.

The answer is option 3: He had confessed to crimes without being reminded of his right to avoid self-incrimination.

The 5th Amendment states that no one will be deprived of life, liberty, or property, or be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself (self-incrimination), without due process of law.

On March 13, 1963, a Phoenix resident, Ernesto Miranda, was arrested for being suspect of r.pe and kidnapping. In the police station, he was questioned by police officers and within two hours, he confessed to committing the crimes. However, in the Court, Miranda alleged that he hadn't been informed of his rights prior to the interrogation, as stated in the 5th and 6th Amendment.

According to these laws, the police should've complied with several procedural safeguards to secure the accused's right. Before giving any confession, the defendant should've been informed that he had the right to have a lawyer present to advise him or that he had the right to remain silent and that anything he said can be used against him in a court of law.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.