Why did historians mark the date of 31 b. c. as the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire?

Hurrry plzzz 16 pointsssss which major economic activity in the middle east occurs largely in the areas circled on the map above? a. coal mining b. farming c. nomadic herding d. oil production

If i see a courtesan and a naked person do i call the police?

Chen's research team randomly assigned some newborns and their mothers either to a breastfeeding promotion group (where breastfeeding was encouraged, but not required) or to a normal pediatric care group (where breastfeeding was neither encouraged nor discouraged). which research method did they use?