Read the following passage and answer the questions below. “for your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your , and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. for, as the most of you have heard, the turks and arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of romania [the greek empire] as far west as the shore of the mediterranean and the hellespont, which is called the arm of st. george. they have occupied more and more of the lands of those christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. they have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. if you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of god will be much more widely attacked by them. on this account i, or rather the lord, beseech you as christ’s heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. i say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. moreover, christ commands it. all who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. this i grant them through the power of god with which i am invested. o what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent god and is made glorious with the name of christ! ” source: bongars, gesta dei per francos, 1, pp. 382 f., trans in oliver j. thatcher, and edgar holmes mcneal, eds., a source book for medieval history, (new york: scribners, 1905), 513-17 the previous passage is from pope urban ii’s speech at council of clermont in 1095 calling for christians to retake the holy land. what reasons and types of persuasion does urban use to entice christians to act? what does urban promise those who answer his call to fight?

Policies that physically separate a minority group from the dominant group.

Passage 2 — from catherine beecher, “treatise on the domestic economy”it appears, then, that it is in america, alone, that women are raised to equality with the other sex; and that, both in theory and practice, their interests are regarded as of equal value. they are made subordinate in station, only where a regard to their best interests demands it, while, as if in compensation for this, by custom and courtesy, they are always treated as superiors. universally in this country, through every class of society, precedence is given to woman, in all the comforts, conveniences, and courtesies, of life.in civil and political affairs, american women take no interest or concern, except so far as they sympathize with their family and personal friends; but in all cases, in which they do feel a concern, their opinions and feelings have a consideration, equal, or even superior, to that of the other sex.in matters pertaining to the education of their children, in the selection and support of a clergyman; in all benevolent enterprises, and in all questions relating to morals or manners, they have a superior influence. in such concerns, it would be impossible to carry a point, contrary to their judgment and feelings; while an enterprise, sustained by them, will seldom fail of success.if those who are bewailing themselves over the fancied wrongs and injuries of woman in this nation, could only see things as they are, they would know, that, whatever remnants of a barbarous or aristocratic age may remain in our civil institutions, in reference to the interests of women, it is only because they are ignorant of them, or do not use their influence to have them rectified; for it is very certain that there is nothing reasonable, which american women would unite in asking, that would not readily be bestowed.the preceding remarks, then, illustrate the position, that the democratic institutions of this country are in reality no other than the principles of christianity carried into operation, and that they tend to place woman in her true position in society, as having equal rights with the other sex; and that, in fact they have secured to american women a lofty and fortunate position, which, as yet, has been attained by the women of no other nation.analysis1. when beecher speaks of women’s “best interests” and their “true position in society,” what does she mean? 2. according to beecher, what trade-offs must american women make to obtain their “lofty and fortunate position” in society? in your view, is it a fair exchange? 3. according to beecher, in what realms do women naturally and legitimately exercise power? 4. on what grounds does beecher base her faith that american women can attain anything they “reasonably” ask, and how does she explain any “remnants” of bad treatment that might remain in the present?

Which of these describes the most important popular jobs in the new england colonies