Which of the following is not normally considered an element of culture?
a. values and belief systems
b. religious practices
c. gender roles in society
d. race or skin color select the best answer from the choices provided. a b c d

Culture is something that groups of people do: for example, customs and celebrations are part of culture, religion is also often connected to culture and different roles of people are connected to culture (a priest, a politician, a teacher).

So all of the values and belief systems,  religious practices,  gender roles in society  are part of the culture - so the correct answer  d. race or skin color

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.