Alfred has a mathematics background and believes strongly in quantitative measures of variables. jeanne insists that many important developmental outcomes are more qualitative than numerical. it would appear that alfred supports the approach to studying cognitive development, whereas jeanne believes in the approach.

The answer is: psychometric; Piagetian

According to the psychometric approach, the cognitive development could be measured by using numerical assessment with a standardized result. This is similar to Alfred's view who believe that  those who give better performance  in quantitative measures of variables tend to be more developed.

According to the Piagetian cognitive approach on the other hand, the cognitive development could only be measured by how well an individual is interacting with their biological traits and the environment around them (similar's to Jeanne's view)

answer; observation learning;