Cognitive psychologists have shown that people judge a type of event as being more likely to occur if they can more easily retrieve instances of that event from memory. this is called the "availability heuristic." child abductions are now reported in the media more widely than they were 50 years ago, and parents now have a greater fear of child abduction. a social psychologist might explain this greater fear in terms of the availability heuristic: because of greater media coverage of abductions, parents can more easily retrieve instances of abductions from memory and therefore overestimate how common they are. this psychologist's explanation is at the level of:

Afull irb committee meeting is convened and one agenda item is a new research proposal to evaluate how mothers interact with their learning-disabled child. the inclusion criteria require the children to be a minimum of five years of age. the protocol requires the mother of the child to look at the child without any expression and not to talk to the child for three minutes. the committee determined that the mother's required task may upset the child. the irb approved the study with appropriate language in the parental permission form regarding the possibility that children might become upset. after the start of the study, the principal investigator reports to the irb that, as expected, one of the children became upset. the incident was handled according to the protocol and the child is fine. what should the irb do with regard to this report?

How important is it to have a powerful army and navy? give two reasons for your answer

Why did the athenians choose officials by lottery? would there be drawbacks to this method? explain.