What is popular sovereignty? when was it passed into law? when was it first used?

Adefendant visited her doctor to seek treatment for a bullet wound. while he was treating the wound, the doctor asked the defendant how she was shot. the defendant replied that she was struck by a police officer’s bullet while running away from a jewelry store she had robbed, but she implored the doctor not to tell this to anyone. the doctor promised that he would not. although the defendant was never charged by the police, the owner of the jewelry store brought suit against her seeking the value of the stolen goods. the defendant denied robbing the store. at the trial, the owner calls the doctor to testify to the statement made to him by the defendant. the defense attorney objects on the ground that such testimony is barred by the jurisdiction’s physician-patient privilege. should the objection be sustained?

Laws that cover individuals who are injured by a product

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?