What led to the rise of city-states in northern italy during the later middle ages

Rank the following from most to least devasting: ordovician,permaian,cretaceous, pleistocene

The defendant is charged with the battery of a bouncer at a local tavern. at the trial, the prosecutor introduces evidence that while the bouncer was attempting to question the defendant about her intoxicated demeanor, the defendant committed a battery on the bouncer. the defendant attempts to defend against the charge on the basis of self-defense, insisting that the bouncer used excessive force in stopping her from entering the tavern. the defendant attempts to introduce into evidence an authenticated copy of the tavern records that show that three patrons had written complaints against the bouncer within the past six months for the use of excessive force. the prosecutor objects on the grounds that the records are inadmissible character evidence. should the court sustain the objection?

Fabian inherited some money from his family and decided to open a hardware store on his own. he bought the entire inventory on credit from vendors with the promise of paying them later. he hoped to have good sales when he opened the store because there weren't any other hardware stores in the area. however, he couldn't sell most of his stock because there did not seem to be any demand. he knew he wouldn't be able to pay the creditors from the money the store made. what kind of ownership does fabian have over his store? what kind of liability is fabian open to regarding the money owed to his creditors?