Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

a. it states that besides frustration, no other experiences can cause aggression.
b. it states that frustration always leads to aggression.
c. it states that aggression usually leads to obedience.
d. it states that aggression stems from an attitude of altruism.

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.