In surveys conducted by gerald, many adolescents report that they started smoking cigarettes because of peer pressure. while observing adolescent groups, however, gerald rarely sees adolescents offering each other cigarettes or putting pressure on others to smoke. gerald predicts that if he conducts further studies on this topic, he will be able to prove that peer pressure is not the primary reason that adolescents start smoking cigarettes. in the context of psychology’s scientific method, gerald is basing his further studies

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?