Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. then he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop. slowly, tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. this reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is called . negative reinforcementb. extinctionc. conditioned responsed. shaping

d. shaping

Explanation:

According to my research on various behavioral techniques, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the reinforcement technique being used by Tamika's father is called Shaping. This is a procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, like in this case her father praises her every step closer she gets until she finally learned how to tie her shoes.

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elizabeth loftus conducted a study to observe the reliability of eyewitnesses during the 1970s. their baseline was to define how accurate are the recollections of eyewitnesses.

her studies do not support the use of eyewitness. loftus mentions in her work that we are not required to recall some experiences, meaning that rarely an individual eyewitness testimony is trustworthy. a good example is presented in her work, where all individuals watched a video and were than asked "about how fast were the cars going when they hit/smash? ". the testimonies changed based on the word she used to make the question (hit or smash), proving the fragility.

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