Learning objectives for chapter 1 describe the characteristics that distinguish living organisms from nonliving matter. understand the hierarchical categorization of living matter from atoms to the biosphere. describe the reductionist approach used by molecular and cell biologists. what are its strengths and weaknesses?

mali had been a state inside of the ghanaian empire. after ghana fell because of invading forces and internal disputes, mali rose to greatness under the leadership of a legendary king named sundiata, the "lion king." the songhai empire, already weakened by internal political struggles, went into decline.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.