Dale, the owner of a local real estate agency, is even more committed to making the used copier, which he recently purchased, work even though it keeps jamming, and his employees have been telling him about other problems they have been having with the copier. the affects dale’s decision making.

The best answer to the question: The ___ affects Dale´s decision-making, would be: escalation of commitment bias.

Explanation:

Dale, the owner of the real estate agency, has made a choice for his company and that is to buy a copier that was secondhand. Although the decision that he made proved to be the wrong one, and the copier is proving to be faulty, not just as witnessed by Dale himself, but also by his employees, and there is plenty of evidence that should lead Dale to change his decision, he stubbornly sticks to his initial choice and keeps attempting to use the faulty copier. Dale´s attitude is known in psychology as escalation of commitment bias, a human behavior that appears when a person is faced with the negative effects of a decision that has been made, but instead of correcting the mistake and accepting the error, the person keeps on with the wrongful behavior.

answer:

d. because dr. laguardia selected a widely used measure, his study generalizes to has strong external validity. external validity has limited external validity. other applications of this measure.

the widely used measure that he applied to his experiment was the benton facial recognition test. it employed on to football players and as result, only players who suffered brain concussions did not pas this test. and although it has an external validity, it is limited because it isn't general to apply to other population.

"choosing is refusing" means individuals face an opportunity cost with each decision they make. economists state that every decision involves trade-offs. opportunity cost is the least desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision.