For a causal relationship to exist there must be evidence group of answer choices of an empirical correlation between the variables. that one variable precedes the other in time. that a third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables. that one variable precedes the other in time and that the two variables are correlated. that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious.

that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious.

Explanation:

In Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generilized Causal Inference (2002), researchers Cook and Campbell present a set of conditions that must be met in order to establish a valid causal relationship: one variable precedes the other in time (temporal precedence), the two variables are correlated (covariation), and that this relationship is not spurious (no third variable is present).

There is no correlation because the relationship is not linear

Explanation:

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

explanation:

liverpool, trent alexander arnold

explanation: