Which of the following is an example of modern institutional discrimination?
a) basing hiring on education, when a minority group has had less opportunity to go to college
b) banks using strict economic criteria denying low-income minority loans in formerly segregated housing
c) the principle of seniority, in which the last hired is the first fired, when minorities were not eligible for earlier positions
d) when businesses move out of the central city to reduce their overhead costs

 All of the above options are true, as the modern institutional discrimination is basically refers that when someone are treated in different manner and unfair in this modern society based on various factors such as age, religion and race.

The modern institutional discrimination is technically refers to the distribution of various types of power, opportunity, benefits and the resources in the society according to the religion and color.

It discriminate between people and treat them un-equality not judge them according to their knowledge. Therefore, all the above options are the examples of modern institutional discrimination.  

in an absolute  monarchy, the  monarchrules as an autocrat, with absolutepower  over the state and government — for example, the right to rule by decree, promulgate laws, and impose punishments. the  monarch isnominally sovereign but the electorate, through their legislature, exercise political sovereignty.

i want to say death; parole, probation, and fines are still being used all the time.