How did the rise of islam affect western europe

What are three voluntary behaviors that is not controlled by results

35 points pls fast. in a citizens elect the president as head of government separately from the legislature. question 1 options: parliamentary democracy communist state presidential democracy autocratic state question 2 (1 point) this form of government has only a single political party. question 2 options: communist democratic autocratic parliamentary question 3 (1 point) this is a government controlled by one person with absolute power. question 3 options: communist democratic autocratic parliamentary question 4 (1 point) a government is a government system where all citizens that choose to vote have a say in their government. question 4 options: communist democratic autocratic theocracy question 5 (1 point) in a the people elect the legislature, and the legislature chooses the head of government. question 5 options: parliamentary democracy communist state presidential democracy autocratic state

“dear sir: it is with great reluctance, i trouble you on a subject, which does not fall within your province; but it is a subject that occasions me more distress, than i have felt, since the commencement of the war; and which loudly demands the most zealous exertions of every person of weight and authority, who is interested in the success of our affairs. i mean the present dreadful situation of the army for want of provisions, and the miserable prospects before us, with respect to futurity. it is more alarming than you will probably conceive, for, to form a just idea, it were necessary to be on the spot. for some days past, there has been little less, than a famine in camp. a part of the army has been a week, without any kind of flesh, and the rest for three or four days. naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere this excited by their sufferings, to a general mutiny or dispersion. strong symptoms, however, discontent have appeared in particular instances; and nothing but the most acitive efforts every where can long avert so shocking a catastrophe.” what’s the central idea?