Mrs. martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. at first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. by reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, mrs. martin is using:
a. discrimination training
b. higher-order conditioning
c. stimulus control training
d. shaping

d. shaping

Explanation:

Shaping: In psychology, the term shaping is defined as a process of getting a desired final behavior by reinforcing sequentially a closer and closer approximation. This is one of the major parts of the applied behavior analysis. It starts with the process of identifying whether a person wants to learn or change a particular behavior.

Example: A child starts his study from the first standard, then gradually twelfth, then bachelors, etc, through reinforcement.

By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using a shaping technique.