The preamble to the u. s. constitution called for a new system of government that could "provide for the common defence." which of these is the best example of that role of our government?

a) america's declaration of war against japan in 1941.

b) the creation of the environmental protection agency in 1970.

c) the preservation of all citizen's rights to free speech and religion.

d) the establishment of a court system that offers due process rights to all citizens.

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?