During a vocabulary lesson, a teacher talks aloud about how she herself tries to remember the meanings of new vocabulary words. for example, she says, "one of our words this week is herald, which means 'to announce or give notice of.' how might i remember that? oh, i know! i can think of the boston herald, a newspaper that my parents subscribed to when i was young. a newspaper announces what's happening in the world, so it makes sense that it's called the herald." the teacher's statement is a good example of:

vicarious reinforcement.
self-monitoring.
collective self-efficacy.
cognitive modeling.