Did you ever go far out into the great ocean? how beautiful it is to be out at
sea when the sea is smooth and still!
let a storm approach, and the scene is changed. the heavy, black clouds
appear in the distance and throw a deep, deathlike shade over the world of
waters. the captain and sailors soon see in the clouds the signs of evil. all
hands are then set to work to take in sail.
the hoarse notes of the captain, speaking through his trumpet, are echoed
from lip to lip among the rigging. happy will it be, if all is made snug before the
gale strikes the vessel.
at last, the gale comes like a vast moving mountain of air. it strikes the ship.
the vessel heaves and groans under the dreadful weight and struggles to
escape through the foaming waters. if she is far out at sea, she will be likely
to ride out the storm in safety. but if the wind is driving her upon the shore, the
poor sailors will hardly escape being dashed upon the rocks and drowned.
once there was a ship in a storm. some of her masts were already broken,
and her sails lost. while the wind was raging, and the billows were dashing
against her, the cry was heard, "a man has fallen overboard! "
the boat was lowered quickly, and she was soon seen bounding on her way
over the mountain waves. at one moment, the boat seemed lifted to the skies,
and the next, it sank down and appeared to be lost beneath the waves!
finally, the man was found. he had almost drowned; but he was taken on
board, and now they made for the ship. but the ship rolled so dreadfully that it
seemed certain the boat wouldn't make it to her. and now, what should they
do?
the captain told one of the men to go aloft and throw down a rope. this was
tied fast to the boat, and when the sea was somewhat calm, the boat was
hoisted and landed on the ship with a dreadful crash. it was a desperate way
of getting on board, but fortunately no lives were lost
summarize the story

okay what's the question?

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.

answer; the miracles;